业余综述：射击运动相关的铅污染

满地找牙

"枪械训练卫生习惯调查及讨论"

http://qiangyou.org/bbs/forum.ph ... 40142&extra=&page=1

认真读了上边的帖子和回复，觉得很有必要研究研究。找到些可靠的研究文章，希望对射击铅污染有个全面的认知和防范。
网上相关文章很多，尽量选择一些相对客观或权威的来源，抛砖引玉。


索引
1. 什么是铅污染和铅中毒
2. 铅污染的检测和诊断标准
3. 射击运动的铅污染和污染来源
4. 如何减少和防范射击相关的铅污染


正文
1. 什么是铅污染和铅中毒
铅在自然界广泛存在，但是高浓度铅全部与人类活动相关
https://www.epa.gov/lead-air-pol ... d-air-pollution#how

铅污染和中毒没有绝对界限。污染的检测主要针对大气铅污染
https://www.epa.gov/lead-air-pol ... dards-naaqs-lead-pb
On September 16, 2016, based on its review of the air quality criteria for lead (Pb), the Environmental Protection Agency issued a decision to retain the existing 2008 standards without revision. The primary and secondary Pb standards are 0.15 micrograms per cubic meter Pb in total suspended particles as a 3-month average.

铅原子是不能被人体直接吸收入血液的，这点跟所有其他金属原子一样。铅进入人体，实际是以各种盐的形式，或铅化合物形式，进入人体。
但是人类于铅相关的活动中，铅盐铅化合物，大量存在与各个提纯，加工，运输步骤中。所以几乎所有高浓度铅原子的环境里，都伴随高浓度铅离子存在。（哥们当初物理化学都不咋样，有用词不当还请多多指正
）
铅污染进入人体的形式： 呼吸道吸入，粘膜接触吸收，消化道食入
铅中毒，是个很大的话题。大家都知道，或能容易搜索到相关内容，轻度污染到严重中毒。各种症状和损害。这里略过
https://www.webmd.com/children/tc/lead-poisoning-topic-overview#1
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3485653/

不能过度紧张。铅中毒的条件，暴露浓度，暴露时间，暴率频率。因此血铅浓度差别可以很大。

人体内的铅，部分可以被人体缓慢排除。也有临床治疗方法除铅。具体速率不详，有兴趣可以进一步研究。不过最好是先避免铅离子进入体内



2. 铅污染和铅中毒的检测和诊断标准

儿童标准和成人标准一致
https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/
血液含铅浓度检测
5 micrograms per deciliter (µg/dL)
blood lead levels ≥ 10 µg/dL should concern
≥ 50 µg/dL should be removed from polluted area






3. 射击运动的铅污染和污染来源

很多调研统计证实了靶场铅污染的存在
这里有个所谓著名案例，还没工夫细读，大家一起研究
“

Over the past decade, thousands of workers and shooters across America have been exposed to unsafe levels of lead at gun ranges, inhaling lead dust or absorbing it by contact with lead-covered surfaces, The Times has found.

Range owners who don’t properly clean or ventilate shooting ranges are the primary culprits. Sometimes, owners know about the risks, but simply ignore them. Others are ignorant of the health hazards posed by lead — a debilitating toxin that can even cause death.

”
http://projects.seattletimes.com/2014/loaded-with-lead/2/



弹头出膛，铅雾喷射污染
https://www.npr.org/sections/hea ... -silent-health-risk


弹头虽然以铅原子形态为主，但是具备转换成铅盐的简单条件

https://www.lenntech.com/periodic/water/lead/lead-and-water.htm

所以潮湿环境有助于增加空气中铅污染浓度，尤其在弹头集中区域

不仅仅是弹头，更主要的是含铅底火

https://www.minnpost.com/earth-j ... lood-analysis-shows

“Most bullet projectiles  are made from lead, but a large amount of lead is also present in the primer, composed of approximately 35% lead styphnate and lead peroxide (and also contains barium and antimony compounds), that ignites in a firearm barrel to provide the propulsion for the projectile. ”


我不懂复装，关于底火的问题，请复装大神们讲解。尝试猜测，底火里的铅应该是全部以铅盐的离子形态存在的。
还看到过文章介绍primer的发展历史，一下子找不到了。说是以前的底火更毒，用的是水银，因为强大毒性，最终被含铅底火取代。不含铅底火正在发展，据说是尚且无法媲美现今的含铅底火，所以仍有待发展

靶场尤其是室内靶场的铅污染问题，早有很多调研报道，也有相当多的法规出台减轻铅污染
https://www.minnpost.com/earth-j ... lood-analysis-shows



5. 如何减少和防范射击相关的铅污染
室内靶场通用注意事项

”Lead poisoning is 100% preventable“
https://www.colorado.gov/pacific ... Firing-Ranges_1.pdf

https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/ranges/

算啦。就这样吧。命题太大，讲不过来。算是提个头，大家自己根据自己的情况玩吧

我倒是该去查个血铅，至少有个基准基线。

wildcat

好文章！请继续

满地找牙

按错键盘了。还没搞完就发了。容我慢慢凑内容哈

X-PGH

遇到过铅中毒的专业枪手 - 被医生 “勒令” cease fire 4个月， 以观后效。该人主要是在室内打 。22 栓动 - “尖鼻子” 离breach 近， 每一次退壳， “小青烟” 都会顺势而出 。。多多少少被吸入 。。。 遇到他时， 已是”停火“数月， 真是手痒， 跑来室外靶场“从操旧业” 。。。

Philippshen

欲练此功，必先自宫

FJC

手枪建议打speer TMJ，无铅底火，不露铅子弹

GARYPATAPON

我一直反对给小孩打.22lr就是这个原因, 我们学校靶场只能打.22, 每次通风开最大,但是这子弹本身依然很脏, copper coating根本没有任何用

Snowbird

户外靶场一般应该没问题吧?

semilin

FJC 发表于 2018-2-3 18:06
手枪建议打speer TMJ，无铅底火，不露铅子弹

去靶场的问题就是，你在那里花重金买speer TMJ来打，结果左右一边一个Lead Round Nose .45LC打得不亦乐乎……

FJC

semilin 发表于 2018-2-3 19:56
去靶场的问题就是，你在那里花重金买speer TMJ来打，结果左右一边一个Lead Round Nose .45LC打得不亦乐乎 ...

当然是室外靶场，周围没人 另外tmj不贵

Londy

mosaics

HKFanBoy

我觉得主要是靠吸入吧，来源是粉尘中的氧化铅。衣服上污染物我觉得洗一下就好，洗涤剂的表面活性剂足够去掉这些东西了。

胜利的战争

日。。。那作为一个左撇子打右抛壳孔步枪岂不是悲催？每次开火完下意识吸口气，总能闻到火药燃烧的味道。。。。。

另外，资本主义的火药味和共产主义的火药味都是一样的。。。。

chevoodoo

Philippshen 发表于 2018-2-3 17:32
欲练此功，必先自宫

chevoodoo

好文章，先赞一个。
近10多20年来，底火已经不使用斯蒂芬酸铅做底火击发药了，所以近些年的子弹底火发射后不会产生氧化铅、氧化锑等对人体潜在有害的物质了。
对.22lr弹铅合金弹头裸露的弹种，上弹接触、射击产生氧化铅的风险是存在的。正常的情况下，应该是通过正常的新陈代谢排出去的。
实际上，射击运动铅毒风险最大的是前装枪射击，铅弹头一般是自己熔炼模铸。弹头制造、保存和装药以及发射装填，全部过程都存在铅氧化物的伤害的风险。

samuel

我一直室外靶场，大概不用太担心……（其实是嫌室内靶场又远又贵……

yuanmeng

好

Philippshen

chevoodoo 发表于 2018-2-4 05:42
好文章，先赞一个。
近10多20年来，底火已经不使用斯蒂芬酸铅做底火击发药了，所以近些年的子弹底火发射后 ...

我记得买底火的时候有的上面标准lead free，比fiocchi的就有写。有的却没有标注，比如我用的S&B

Philippshen

找到一段有意思的信息，分享一下

Other explosives used in primers can include lead azide, potassium perchlorate, or diazodinitrophenol (DDNP). New on the market in the late 1990s are lead-free primers(see green bullet), to address concerns over the lead and other heavy-metal compounds found in older primers. The heavy metals, while small in quantity, are released in the form of a very fine soot. Some indoor firing ranges are moving to ban primers containing heavy metals due to their toxicity. Lead-free primers were originally less sensitive and had a greater moisture sensitivity and correspondingly shorter shelf life than normal noncorrosive primers.[citation needed] Since their introduction, lead-free primers have become better in their performance compared to early lead free primers, as reported by AccurateShooter.com in October 2011. Tests comparing lead-free primers to lead-based primers conducted by the US Department of Defense (approx 2006), exposed some significant differences in accuracy between the two primers when used in 7.62×51mm. In these tests, lead-free primers were proven to be not as accurate as lead-based primers. The lead-free primers exhibited poor performance as far as peak blast pressure, which consequently leads to poor ignition. Popularity is still minimal, as accuracy is paramount. Most lead-free primers are sourced through Russia (MUrom?)or South Korea (PMC).

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centerfire_ammunition