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本帖最后由 brucewayne 于 2014-5-14 14:05 编辑
翻译不到位请纠正：
哪种枪最适合家防？
这一话题经常在网上、论坛里出现，通常结果是跟帖中列举了无数的“个人意见”以及无尽的辩论。有人也许会说：“我喜欢我的手枪所以我用手枪家防。” 我觉得并无不可。我认为每一个人有权利用任何他们喜欢的方式进行家防。但是他们更应该基于事实做出决定而不是个人喜好，同时了解这些选择的优势与劣势。事实是无可辩驳的。个人喜好固然很好，但“事实真相”才是最重要的。
本文主要涉及三个主要选择。
手枪
很多人选择手枪作为家防用途。手枪家防确实可以非常有效，绝对胜过使用一把勺子。但同时使用手枪家防如同使用其他武器一样，有优势也有劣势。下面我们来具体分析一下。
优势：
1.手枪很便捷，非常小，便于携带。公共场合便于隐蔽携带，但这并不是家防情况下的主要考虑因素。
2.使用手枪可能更利于引导、保护或抱起孩子同时另一只手握枪，长枪很难做到这点。
劣势： 1.手枪停止力远远弱于步枪及霰弹枪。事实如此，没有什么可讨论的。当然通常情况手枪完全可以阻止一个坏人，只是效率远远不及步枪及霰弹枪。 2.手枪更不易瞄准。通过训练可以大大增加射击精度，但是手枪很难达到抵肩射击武器的精度。这点对于新手来讲尤为突出。 3.手枪比步枪和霰弹枪更容易被夺走及缴械。 4.手枪子弹可以轻松穿透数道墙壁，有时比步枪和霰弹枪穿透力更强。记住：任何可以有效阻止一个坏人的弹药都会穿透多层墙壁。 (Should be a required warning on every handgun: This handgun should only be used to enable you to get to your rifle which you should have had in hand before this firefight broke out.)
霰弹枪
优势： 1.一把使用buckshot的霰弹枪，尤其是#1或者00 buckshot，有着非常有效的停止力。正如Clint Smith所说：“一把霰弹枪在近距离可以将骨肉分离。” 2.霰弹枪物美价廉。很多人无法承担900美元的卡宾，但一把完美有效的pump霰弹枪只需不到200美元。这虽然不是最重要的因素，但对很多人来讲不得不慎重考虑。 3.对于多数家防情况的举例来讲，buckshot的散布是很紧密的，只有几英寸大小，如同一个拳头。很多人认为这是不好的事情，但我们并不希望子弹散成一片，正如我们要对每一发没有打中目标的弹药负责一样。我们需要紧密的散布。Federal Flight Control Buckshot是“最优”的选择，因为这种弹药通常是散布最紧密的霰弹枪弹药。 4.威吓力。坦白讲，大口径的霰弹枪对坏人来说是不小的威慑。作为一名退役警察，见过很多并不怕被手枪指着的人却非常惧怕大口径的霰弹枪。 5.抵肩射击可以让射手更精准打击目标。 劣势： 1.用错弹药的话(birdshot)，霰弹枪的停止力会被大大削弱。 2.强大的后坐力。这会让后续射击减慢。后续的射击有时会很重要，尤其是当你面对不止一个对手的情况时。 3.霰弹枪装弹慢。你的系统需要的操作越多，就越难做好准备。 4.准确性。很多人错误的认为精准不是“霰弹枪世界的语言”，但这并不是永远正确。霰弹枪可以做到一定水平的精准，但远远不及卡宾。 5.当射手紧张时pump shotgun容易jam，而这种“short stroke jam”很难排除。
卡宾/步枪
当讨论卡宾/步枪时，我们主要讨论的几乎是AR-15这个平台，使用的是5.56/.223口径。其他的卡宾/步枪会有些许不同的优势及劣势。
优势： 1.卡宾是非常强力的武器系统。使用合适的弹药，卡宾会拥有卓越的停止力，比任何普通手枪更强大更有效。不要忘记，步枪是步枪，手枪是手枪。 2.抵肩射击可以比手枪更准确击中目标。同时卡宾的瞄具相比霰弹枪也更易于瞄准。
3.使用弹匣的卡宾比霰弹枪装弹容易的多。使用30发容量的弹匣，卡宾的操作要远远少于手枪或霰弹枪，因为你不需要频繁的操作(30发更换一次弹匣)。
劣势：
1.价格。卡宾价格之贵可以让很多人望而却步。但这不是武器的错，但这的确影响人们的选择。2.AR-15长相太邪恶。 这里多说一点：很多人说卡宾操作复杂，但就我经验而言，并不比半自动手枪更复杂。不仅操作方式类似，插入弹匣拉charging handle(slide)关保险，处理武器失灵的方式也很类似(tap, rack, bang)。瞄准方式也是三点一线没有什么可多说的。
现在解释几个家防常见的误区。
1.误区：使用长枪更容易被对方夺走。 真相：通过适当的训练，长枪实际上比手枪更难被夺走。 “They say you can’t use a rifle or shotgun indoors because a bad guy will grab the barrel. Yeah? Well, he better hang on, ‘cause I’m gonna light him up and it’ll definitely be an "E" ticket ride."- Clint Smith
2.误区：长枪声音太大会损伤听力 真相：在家里射击任何武器声音都会非常大。但实际上噪音的分贝在这三者上相差并不多。如果你和你的家人身处险境，损伤听力是当前最不需要担心的事情。使用消音器也是实际可行的减少噪音的方式。
3.误区：我只需要打一枪，所以reload并不重要。
真相：你并不知道你需要开多少枪，所以做好最坏的打算。坏人通常不会面对你站好手臂放两旁暴露出他们的5X zone让你射击。他们有可能移动或躲在物体后面，甚至朝你开火。你很有可能需要后续射击并且是快速的后续射击。
4.误区：你应该使用你用起来最舒服的武器。
真相：这个误区随处可以见到，但这是错误的。如果你用着最舒适的是.22左轮，那么你需要去适应更好的武器。用停止力弱的武器去阻止坏人并不是很好的主意。选择一个有效的武器平台配合适当的训练直到你觉得用着拿手为止。
5.误区：我不需要手电。
真相：每天中一半的时间是夜晚。房间的灯也许没有打开甚至被坏人切断电源。你必须明确你的目标，所以手电是必不可少的。
6.误区：卡宾会比手枪更容易穿透墙壁。
真相：很多手枪子弹实际上比卡宾或者buckshot霰弹枪穿透更多层墙壁。但最重要的一点：任何可以有效阻止坏人的子弹都可以轻松穿透多层墙壁。
5.56口径的卡宾真的用作家防太危险么？我更应该使用手枪或者霰弹枪么？
实际上任何弹药(除了个别birdshot)都会轻松穿透室内墙壁(2层dry wall间隔3-4英寸)。但是测试表明，穿墙之后5.56mm弹头造成杀伤的可能性比普通手枪或buckshot更小。因为较轻的弹头能更快减慢速度，而速度是杀伤力的主要决定因素。这并不代表5.56mm弹头不再具有潜在致命能力，而是伤害的严重程度很可能比9mm, .40, .45或者#00 buckshot要小。重要的并非是子弹的穿透性，而是穿透物体后仍具有的潜在杀伤性。这种差距的巨大使很多FBI以及其他弹道专家推荐执法人员使用手枪来攻击屏障后面的嫌疑犯，因为手枪子弹比5.56或.223具有更强穿透及穿透后杀伤性。因此以及被友军mp5击伤情况增多和5.56的穿甲能力，SWAT逐渐淘汰了9mm MP5转而使用5.56mm卡宾。可以理解冲锋枪的长枪管可以增加手枪弹药的初速达到更强的穿透力。如果我理解正确的话，多数霰弹枪和冲锋枪的拥护者并没有正确理解这件事。虽然看起来很疑惑因为5.56mm是更强力的弹药。但FBI FTU通过上百发子弹的穿墙测试以及弹道胶测试证明事实如此。无视这些结果的后果请自行承担。
各种子弹穿透力总结：
Ammunition | Wall 1 | Wall 2 | Wall 3 | | | fragments, some penetration | few speckles, no penetration | Federal 230-grain .45 ACP FMJ | | | | Speer 115-grain 9mm Gold Dot JHP | | | | Magtech 90-grain .380 FMJ | | | | | | | | Winchester Ranger 55-grain Softpoint | | fragments, some penetration | speckles, one fragment penetrated first wall | | | | | | | | fragments, some penetration | Winchester Ranger 64-grain Power-Point | | fragments, no total penetration | | Winchester 12-Gauge 00 Buckshot | | | |
原文：
Educational Zone #143 - What Is the Best Weapon for Home Defense? - A Serious Discussion |
This subject comes up every so often on AR15.com, and it almost always results in a lot of “opinions” and sometimes some arguments.
Some folks might say, “Well, I like my pistol and that’s what I’m going to use.”
That is fine with me. I believe anyone should be able to use whatever they want for home defense. But they ought to make that decision based upon facts, and not “feelings”, and know the advantages and disadvantages of their decision.
The FACTS are not really in question. “Opinions” are nice, but “Facts” are what really matter.
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Let’s consider the three main options.
Pistols Many folks use a pistol for home defense. They can certainly be effective, and are a lot better for home defense than a spoon. They, like other systems, have advantages and disadvantages. Let’s look at both.
Advantages: 1. Pistols are “convenient”. They are small, and easy to carry on your person. They can be concealed in public, but that isn’t as big of a factor for home defense.
2. It may be easier to move or manipulate a child while holding a pistol, as compared to holding a long-gun.
Disadvantages: 1. They are much less effective as Stoppers than a rifle or a shotgun. This is not something to “argue” about. It is simply a FACT.
Pistols “can” and often will Stop a bad guy, but they are less effective than a rifle or a shotgun. 2. Pistols are harder to aim and hit the target with than other systems. Practice can improve your accuracy, but they cannot be operated as accurately as a shoulder-fired weapon.
Novice shooters will have a harder time shooting a pistol accurately than a shoulder-fired weapon 3. Pistols are easier to take away from the shooter than a rifle or a shotgun. Many people falsely believe this is not true, but if you ever get some professional training, you will find that this is a simple fact.
4. Pistols will penetrate several walls, sometimes even more than a rifle or shotgun. Again, many people falsely believe this is not true, but it is a fact. See Shooting Through Walls
Any round that will penetrate enough to effectively Stop a bad guy, will penetrate several walls.
Shotguns Advantages: 1. A shotgun loaded with buckshot, preferably #1 buckshot, or 00 buckshot, is a very effective Stopper. As Clint Smith notes, “A shotgun at close range will remove meat and bone.”
2. Shotguns can be bought for less money than many other systems. Many folks cannot afford a $900 carbine, but a perfectly adequate pump shotgun can be found for less than $200. While not the biggest issue, this can be important for many people.
3. At inside-the-home-distances, the spread of buckshot from a shotgun is relatively dense, that is, the patterns can be fairly tight, only a few inches wide. See Buckshot Patterns
Some folks mistakenly think this is a bad thing, but we do not want wide patterns with a shotgun, as we are responsible for every projectile that does not hit the target. We want tight patterns. Federal Flight Control Buckshot is the “best of the best” for this application, as it will usually shoot the tightest patterns out of any shotgun. 4. Intimidation – Let’s be honest, the large bore of a shotgun is intimidating to some bad guys. As an ex-police officer, I can tell you that people that are not afraid of having a pistol pointed at them will often feel much differently about a big bore shotgun.
5. The shotgun is a shoulder-fired system and this gives the shooter a great advantage in accuracy.
Disadvantages: 1. With the wrong ammo (birdshot), a shotgun can be a very poor stopper. See Shotgun Ammo FAQs 2. Shotguns tend to have heavy recoil. This slows down follow-up shots. Follow-up shots can be very important, especially if there is more than one opponent.
3. Shotguns are slow to reload. The more you have to manipulate your system (reloading, etc.), the less ready you are to use it.
(Magazine loaded shotguns like the Saiga are faster to reload, but still have the recoil problem.) 4. Precision – Some folks mistakenly think that precision is not a “shotgun word”, but that is not always true. Shotguns can be fairly precise, but not as precise as a carbine. See Precision Shooting with Buckshot.
5. Pump shotguns (especially) can be easily jammed by a nervous shooter, and a “short stroke jam” is very difficult to fix.
Carbines/Rifles
When speaking of a carbine/rifle, we will primarily be speaking of a system such as an AR-15 carbine in .223. Other rifle/carbine systems will have slightly different advantages and disadvantages.
Advantages: 1. The carbine is a very powerful weapon system. A carbine loaded with the best .223 ammunition is an excellent fight Stopper. They are much more powerful and effective than any normal handgun. Rifles are rifles and pistols are pistols. Don’t forget that.
2. A carbine is a shoulder-fired system, meaning that it is much easier to make accurate hits with than a pistol. It will also usually have much better sights than most shotguns.
3. A magazine fed carbine is much easier and faster to reload than a shotgun. And with a 30 round magazine, it will have less manipulation than a handgun or a shotgun, as you will not need to manipulate it as often.
Disadvantages:
1. Cost – A carbine can be expensive, and not all folks can afford to buy one. That is not the “fault” of the system, but it is a consideration.
Let’s discuss some Myths about home defense.
1. Myth - I don’t want to use a long gun, because they can easily be taken away from you by the bad guy. Fact – With proper training, a long gun is actually harder to take away from a shooter than a handgun. “They say you can’t use a rifle or shotgun indoors because a bad guy will grab the barrel. Yeah? Well, he better hang on, ‘cause I’m gonna light him up and it’ll definitely be an "E" ticket ride."- Clint Smith Get some professional training.
2. Myth - Long guns are too loud and I might hurt my hearing. Fact – Any firearm will be “loud” inside a home. But the actual decibels of noise are very close with all three systems. And if someone is trying to kill you or your family, hearing loss will be way down on the list of important things to worry about. Suppressors are also a realistic possibility to reduce noise.
3. Myth - All I need is one shot, so reloading is not important. Fact – You do not know how many shots will be needed, so you had better prepare for the worse scenario. Bad guys do not always stand facing you with their arms to their sides and let you shoot them in the 5X zone. They just might be running and hiding behind things, and even shooting back at you. You may need follow-up shots and need them quickly.
4. Myth - You should use the firearm you are most comfortable with. Fact – This myth is often repeated, but is wrong. If the system you are “most comfortable with” is a .22 Short revolver, then you need to “get comfortable” with a better system. Using a poor system that has a record of being poor at Stopping bad guys is not the best idea. Get something that is effective and practice until you are comfortable.
5. Myth - I do not need a light. Fact – Half of every 24 hours is dark. Your house lights may be out or even turned out by the bad guy. You must identify your target, so a weapon light is essential. For more, see Low Light Essentials
6. Myth - I cannot use a carbine, as it will penetrate more walls than a pistol.
Fact – Many types of pistol ammo will actually penetrate more walls than a carbine or a shotgun loaded with buckshot. But, most importantly, any round from any system that will Stop a bad guy, will penetrate several walls. See Rifles, Shotguns, and Walls
Q. Isn't 5.56 too dangerous to use indoors? Shouldn't I use a pistol or shotgun instead?
Virtually any kind of ammo, with the exception of light bird shot, will easily penetrate typical wall construction (two layers of wall-board separated by 3 to 4 inches of space). Testing has shown, however, that after penetrating a typical interior wall, a 5.56mm projectile will have less wounding potential than most common handgun or buckshot loads. This is true because the low mass of the bullet sheds velocity quickly, and velocity is its key wounding component. This doesn't mean that 5.56mm ammo isn't still potentially deadly, but that the severity of an injury is likely to be less from a 5.56mm bullet than from a 9mm, .40, .45, or #00 buckshot round. What is important is not the degree to which these rounds penetrate, but their "ex post lethality" or their lethality AFTER encountering wallboard or other cover/concealment. The difference is so significant that the FBI and other ballistic experts recommend that law enforcement transition to handguns to "dig suspects out" of cover because of the superior penetration and wounding ability of handgun rounds over 5.56 or .223. This, along with the increasing number of lawsuits from "friendly fire" submachine gun victims and 5.56mm's ability to penetrate ballistic vests, are some of the reasons that many SWAT teams are transitioning away from the 9mm MP5 and selecting 5.56mm carbines instead. This is understandable given the longer barrel length and therefore higher velocity and consequently higher penetration of handgun rounds in submachine guns. If our experience on the forums are accurate, most shot gunners and submachine gun fans receive this news poorly. It does seem counterintuitive since 5.56mm is a "high powered round." All we can say to this is that the FBI FTU fired hundreds of rounds through carefully constructed wall sections and then into gel. Ignore these results at your own peril. 
Fact: Interestingly enough, in FBI Firearms Training Unit tests show that submachinegun and handgun rounds penetrated more on average than .223/5.56mm rounds in typical interior construction and tissue.
Opinion: Generally high velocity rifle rounds fragment so readily that over-penetration in an urban (indoor) setting is LESS dangerous than with handgun or submachinegun rounds like 9mm, 10mm, .40S&W, etc. 5.56 FMJ rounds will do more penetrating than JHP and JSP rounds but still are generally safer for interior use- insofar as bystanders are concerned.
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Conclusions: Here’s the bottom line: Rifles > Shotguns > Pistols. Do as you please, but that’s just the facts.
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转自 http://www.theboxotruth.com/docs/edu143.htm
The Box O' Truth是很好的网站，各种关于枪支子弹射击效果：书、墙、防弹衣、头盔等等都有视频
针对over penetration，请参考一下网站
http://how-i-did-it.org/drywall/results.html
AR-15 家防弹药选择
http://www.ar15.com/ammo/
家防选择shotgun的话，强烈推荐此文
http://dailycaller.com/2013/10/14/home-defense-shotgun-myths-and-reality/
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发表于 2013-12-31 06:18
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千斤顶
发表于 2013-12-31 06:44
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